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Role of Gender in Empire

1450-1750
Early Modern Period

  1. Role of Gender in Empire
    1. Women secondary status most parts of globe – patriarchal
      1. social roles, economic opportunities, political influence
    2. Marriage remained primarily economic arrangement
      1. Method of gaining/transferring wealth and property
      2. Ensured inheritance of goods/assets by legitimate heirs
      3. With Protestant Reformation gained more marriages based on love
    3. Europe gained limited awareness of injustices toward women
    4. Europe – limited access to small # of women
      1. Noble/aristocratic women
      2. From emerging middle class
      3. Gained education
      4. Active in business
      5. Make scientific discoveries
      6. Become artists/writers
    5. Women discovered/developed ways to gain influence/advance desires
      1. Advising husbands/sons
      2. Educating children
      3. Running/help running business
      4. Managing household finances
    6. Generalizations
      1. Higher up in social class – more freedom to be involved in education/arts – servants did work
      2. Lower down social scale – more time spent w/ family, in fields, tending livestock
      3. Cities opened up opportunities for women for crafts/engage in commerce
      4. Higher status of women negatives
        1. Less value to contribution
        2. More need to be protected
      5. Women more valued in lower class – contribution more needed
      6. Urban/commercial vs. rural/agricultural vs. hierarchical/decentralized
    7. China
      1. Confucianism governed relationship of women to families
        1. Obey fathers and brothers and then husbands
        2. Always of subservience
        3. Influenced Japan
          1. Women obeyed fathers, husbands, and if widowed, sons
    8. Muslim world
      1. Harem shows how culture defines roles
        1. Initially Arabic women had freedom/rights
        2. Eventually adopted new ideologies
          1. Veiling from non-Arab converts
          2. Wealthy Muslims separated women in their households by placing in harems
            1. Special sections of house for all female members, young sons, servants
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