Who did What When Where 'cause Why?! part 2
THE WEEKLY IDS (2ndSemester)
1. Pendleton Act: The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was a law passed in 1883 supported by Senator Pendleton in U.S. to reform the spoils system by creating Civil Service Commission to ensure that the appointments were made according to merits rather than politics .
2. Battle of Little Bighorn: The Battle of Little Bighorn, also known as Custer's Last stand, was what the Whites called a "massacre" taking place in the Montana Territory between the Indians and the U.S. Army in 1876 and was the most famous battle of the Indian Wars, resulting in a Native American Victory.
3. Century of Dishonor: - In 1881, Century of Dishonor by Helen Jackson, was published in the U.S. that brought to light the moral injustices enacted upon the Native Americans—leading to an effect similar to the book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe of African Americans.
4. Turner Thesis: - Frederick Jackson Turner, an American historian, published a hypothesis in 1893 called the Turner Thesis in Chicago that would close the American frontier.
5. Battle of Wounded Knee: The Battle of Wounded Knee was a massacre of the Sioux Indians by the US 7th Cavalry in 1890 at Wounded Knee, South Dakota which was the last major armed conflict between the Sioux and the US .
6. Homestead Act: In the US in 1862, an act, called the Homestead Act, provide 160 acres to people called squatters and boomers which allowed the trans R.R. Company to buy land and complete the railroad.
7. Standard Oil: In 1870, in the U.S. , John D. Rockefeller utilized the strategy of horizontal integration and founded the Standard Oil Company, creating a monopoly on the supply of oil.
8. U.S. Steel - By the 1900's, in the U.S. , Andrew Carnegie created an empire in steel using the concept of vertical integration by controlling all aspects of steel manufacturing from the ground floor to distribution.
9. Gospel of Wealth: In the US of 1889, Andrew Carnegie wrote a essay (Gospel of wealth) that revolutionized the way of thought in social Darwinism.
10. William McKinley: William McKinley was a Governor of Ohio and in 1896, he was the Presidential candidate for the Republicans.
11. William Jennings Bryan: William Jennings Bryan was a member of US House of Representatives from Nebraska and in 1896, he gave the "Cross of Gold" speech in which would make him popular, and cause him to be nominated as the Presidential candidate for both the Democrats and the People's parties in the Election of 1896.
12. Election of 1896: In the Presidential Election of 1896 of U.S. , McKinley will run against Bryan and win the election which ended the "Gilded Age" of politics and caused the decline of the Populists Party .
13. Platt Amendment: An amendment that was devised by Elihu Root in March of 1901 that gave the U.S. power to intervene in Cuban government whenever we think it is necessary at Cuba.
14. Yellow Journalism: During the Gilded Age, yellow journalism is a pejorative reference to journalism in the U.S. which the news media sensationalized many articles that led to the Cuban War.
15. Muckrackers:In the U.S. during the late 1800s and early 1900s, the term "muckrackers" was used to describe journalists who investigated/exposed societal issues and conditions which led to reforms for the better.
15. Pullman Strike/Eugene V. Debs: In 1894, Pullman fired employees causing a strike against the company lead by Eugene V. Debs and formed the American Railway Union (ARU).
16. Other People’s Money/Louis Brandeis: – Other People's Money, a collection of essays written by Louis Brandeis(first Jewish supreme courth), was published into a book in 1914 that attacked investment makers and eventually led to Brandeis's nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States.
17. Dollar Diplomacy: – In the early 20th century, in the U.S., President Taft enacted an effective policy called the "dollar diplomacy" that utilized American capital investment as a foreign policy tool in Latin America and Asia.
18. Teller Amendment: The Teller Amendment was an amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted in 1898, in reply to President McKinley's War Message which gave Cuba its independence.
19. Woodrow Wilson: Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of US and a major progressive president during 1912-1920 and was responsible for many beneficial aspects throughout his presidency such as trust-busting, League of Nations, and shaping the Treaty of Versailles , ending World War I.
20. Clayton Anti-Trust Act: An act was passed in 1914 in the U.S. introduced by Henry Clayton, to help back up the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and legalized unions and labor strikes.
21. Unrestrictive Submarine Warfare: During World War I, the Germans used a type of naval warfare utilizing specialized submarines, called U-boats, to sink British ships on the Atlantic Ocean in an attempt to stifle British trade, though it ultimately failed..
22. Espionage Act of 1917: In 1917, an act was passed in U.S. with the support of President Woodrow Wilson which made it illegal to act against the nation's war efforts.
23. Wilson’s 14 Points: President Woodrow Wilson gave a speech on January 8th, 1918 to the US Congress, in which he listed fourteen ideas, intending peace in Europe after World War I, and gave Wilson a venerated position amongst the Allies and encouraged the Central Powers to surrender.
24. AEF: The American Expeditionary Force, a group of troops led by John J. Pershing during World War I, would be due for battle in Europe with the Allies; the AEF’s combat role was brief, but intense, the war would end within eight months of their arrival.
25. John J. “Black Jack” Pershing: John J. Pershing was a US general who would in 1916 be in charge of hunting down Pancho Villa and would lead his own regime of African American soldiers during World War I, gaining his name “Black Jack.”
26. Armistice Day: – November 11, 1918 is known as Armistice Day, the anniversary of the official end of World War I, and commemorates the signing of the armistice by the Allies and Germany in Europe , signifying the ceasefire on the Western Front and of the hostilities continued in other regions; after World War II, it would be known as Veteran’s Day.
27. Treaty of Versailles : To end World War I, a treaty was formed at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, passed by the Allies powers, which would inadvertently pave the way for the next World War.
28. Reservationists/Henry Cabot Lodge: In 1918, in the U.S. , Henry Cabot Lodge, a Republican majority leader in the Senate, held strong reservations against Wilson's League of Nations as he thought it compromised the power Congress had to declare war.
29. Edith Wilson: Mrs. Edith Wilson was President Woodrow Wilson’s second wife from 1915 to 1921 in the US and is said to have temporarily acted as president while Woodrow Wilson suffered from illness, becoming the “first female president of the United States .
30. Progressives: The progressives were early 20th century reformers made up of Jeffersonians, Jacksonians, et al., who attacked wealth, poverty, disease, and other “social ills” in the US and would make great gains in the government by improving conditions of the average American life such as the passing of the progressive amendments.
31. The Jungle: The Jungle was a novel written in 1906 by Upton Sinclair which resulted in the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in the US .
32. Ida Tarbell: Ida Tarbell is a well-known muckraker in the U.S. of the early 1900s which contributed to legal action against the Standard Oil Trust.
33. Roosevelt Panic of 1907: In 1907, Roosevelt was blamed for the depression in the US and led to the Federal Reserves’ Act in 1913.
34. Trustbusters (TR/Taft): In the early 1900s, Roosevelt started breaking trusts in the US and was the first to start busting trusts; later other presidents would follow in breaking trusts.
35. Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion was a Chinese uprising from 1899-1901 in China against foreign influences which later resulted in the modernization of China and the elimination of the Imperial examination system fir government service.
36. Roosevelt Corollary: In 1904, in the U.S. , Theodore Roosevelt enacted a policy known as the Roosevelt Corollary which was an expansion of the Monroe Doctrine that asserted American authority to intervene in Latin American affairs.
37. Great White Fleet: In 1883, in the U.S. , Congress, in the interest of enforcing treaties and protecting overseas investments, funded an armada of modern steel fighting ships to build up American sea power.
38. Gentlemen’s Agreement: An informal agreement between two parties or more which started in the late 19th century in the U.S. that caused a lot of problems since there was no written policy that lay the grounds for legal action.
39. Volstead Act: The Volstead Act, named after Andrew Volstead, was an act to reinforce prohibition but was vetoed by Wilson and overrode by Congress overrode in 1919.
40. Red Scare, part 1: In the 1920's in the US American citizens began to fear the actions of communism, Bolsheviks, anarchists, labor unions and immigrants which led to the "Red Scare" and resulting in many people being accused of crimes/treason they did not commit.
41. Immigration Act of 1924: In 1924, Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924 (a.k.a. the Johnson-Reed Act) in U.S. which was an act that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in U.S. according to the Census of 1890.
42. Scopes Trial: In 1925, in Tennessee , John T. Scopes taught the theory of evolution against Tennessee Law, resulting in a famous trial with William Jennings Bryan as the prosecution and Clarence Darrow for the defense; ultimately, Scopes was convicted, revealing the appeal of Fundamentalism.
43. Washington Naval Conference/Five Power Treaty: Between 1921 to 1922, a conference was conducted by the League of Nations and President Harding that lead to the signing of the Five-Point Treaty (Washington Naval Treaty) in Washington D.C. and preserved peace throughout the war yet allowed the Japanese to raise its Naval power resulting WWII
44. Teapot Dome Scandal: President Harding’s administration was filled with lots of corruption, the most famous being the Teapot Dome Scandal in 1922 which involved the illegal leasing of government oil fields in Wyoming by Secretary of Interior Albert Fall; the scandal would become a chief issue during the next presidential election, have a devastating effect on many of the big business during the Depression, and show that personal relationships in government could not be trusted.
45. Dawes Plan: A plan proposed by Charles G. Dawes to Germany in 1929 known as the Dawes Plan made the German economy dependent on foreign markers and economies; thus, leading to the Great Depression in the U.S.
46. Kellogg-Briand Pact: In 1928, an agreement known as the Kellogg-Briand Pact (named after Secretary of State Kellogg and French foreign minister Briand) was made in Paris among 62 countries that officially outlawed war as an instrument of foreign policy but ended up failing in that respect.
47. Black Tuesday: In the U.S. , the stock market crashed on Oct. 29, 1929, known as “Black Tuesday,” causing a catastrophic loss of $40 billion in "paper wealth" almost overnight and left 25% of Americans unemployed; it was just the beginning of the Great Depression.
48. Bonus Army: Bonus Army was a protest that took place in 1932 in which unemployed veterans of WWI gathered in Washington, demanding payment of service bonuses not due until 1945, and it resulted in armed removal of protesters which further lessened the likeliness of reelection of President Hoover.
49. Hawley-Smoot Tariff: A law devised by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley, named the Hawley-Smoot Tariff and signed in 1930, raised U.S. tariffs on imported goods to record levels and perhaps worsened the Great Depression.
50. New Deal, part 1: In the 1930s, Franklin D. Roosevelt developed a sequence of programs in the U.S. to deal with the Great Depression; thus, there was a lasting change caused by an increase of government control over the economy and money supply that led to the beginning of federal welfare state.
51. Emergency Banking Relief Act: In 1933, in the U.S., Congress passed an act entitled the Emergency Banking Relief Act that gave the President Broad discretionary powers over all banking transactions and foreign exchanges.
52. 100 Days: The Hundred Days was a period of time in the 1930s consisting of a flurry of reform programs created by FDR during his presidency that helped in uplifting the Great Depression in the US.
53. Alphabet Soup Remedies: In the 1930s, Franklin Roosevelt created reliefs during his presidency in the U.S. and consisted of many programs that helped the economy through the depression.
54. J. L. Lewis: In the 1930’s, John L. Lewis, a leader of organized labor groups in the US , founded the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and helped organize millions of industrial workers during this decade; he was a major leader who helped labor unions gain more power, which in turn helped workers gain more rights.
55. Court-packing Scheme: In 1937, Franklin Roosevelt passed a bill, later known as "the court packing scheme", in the U.S. to appoint more Justices to the Supreme Court but failed in which it destroyed his presidential image and slightly changed the philosophy of the court.
56. The Grapes of Wrath: In 1939, in the U.S. , John Steinbeck wrote a novel entitled The Grapes of Wrath that illustrated an Oklahoma Dust Bowl family's hardships on its way to California ; the novel reflected the sympathetic feelings towards the Depression in popular culture.
57. Neutrality Acts: In the 1930s, the United States Congress passed a series of laws causing the US to enter isolationism and called for Neutrality which would later could be broken by the Lend-Lease Act
58. Lend-Lease Act: During WWII, President Roosevelt of the United States signed an act that introduced the Lend-Lease program which supplied the Allied Nations with vast amounts of war materials; these materials were a critical factor in the eventual success of the Allies in the war, especially when the US was not involved.
59. Isolationism: Isolationism is a foreign policy adopted by the US (in the US ) in the late 1930s that led to the blaming of the WWII on the US by European countries.
60. Good Neighbor Policy: An act known as the Good Neighbor Policy created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt was used by the United States in relation to Latin America and Europe from 1933-1945 to maintain its influence in Latin America during WWII; it also meant that the US would be less obvious in its domination.
61. Election of 1940: In 1940, in the U.S. an election took place between FDR (Dem.) and Wendell Wilkee(Rep.) with FDR winning victoriously in a 449-82 landslike, breaking the 142 year precedent set by George Washington.
62. Atlantic Charter: Atlantic Charter was a statement made between President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill in August 1941 at sea off Newfoundland , and it consisted of common principles and war aims including free trade among all nations, disarmament, and an end to territorial seizures.
63. Pearl Harbor: Pearl Harbor, a US Navy deep-water naval base located on Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, was attacked by the Japanese on Dec. 7th, 1941 and drew the US into WWII.
64. Island-Hopping: Island hopping was an essential military strategy formed by General MacArthur in the years of WWII that effectively enabled the Allies to "jump" from island to island (owned by Japan ); this strategy eventually led to the defeat of the Japanese in the war.
65. Internment camps: Following the aftermath of Pearl Harbor, a widespread suspicion was evident in the American psyche regarding Japanese Americans, coercing President Roosevelt in 1942 to sign Executive Order 9066 which suspended the civil rights of Japanese Americans and relocated 112,000 to internment camps in California, Oregon, Washington, and southern Arizona .
66. Battle of Midway: In the June of 1942, U.S. faced Japan in a naval battle near Midway Atoll and it ended in a decisive victory for U.S. and is regarded as the "turning point" in the Pacific Theatre of WWII.
67. Zoot-Suit Riots: There were a number of uprising on June 4th 1943 in Los Angeles, CA called the Zoot-Suit Riots when sailors and soldiers clashed with Hispanic youths garbed in zoot suits, signifying defiance and a lack of patriotism, for more than five days until the city council limited military personnel in some parts of the city and made wearing the suits in public, an offense; this caused some Mexicans to fear that, when the government finished rounding up the Japanese, they would be next in the internment camps and symbolized US’s growing xenophobia.
68. Korematsu vs. U.S. : The “Korematsu vs. US” court case, occurring on 1944 in the US, involved Fred Korematsu, one of the number of Japanese Americans denied citizenship and forced to move, who refused to leave his home head for a relocation camp for Japanese Americans and was arrested; this is one of the cases that demonstrate the civil and human rights of Japanese Americans and led to many changes to US law.
69. Battle of Stalingrad: – A conflict from August 21st , 1942 to February 2nd, 1943 between Germany and the Soviet Union called the Battle of Stalingrad was fought for control of the Soviet city, Stalingrad, and was the turning points in the European Theater; it is also considered one of the bloodiest battles in World History.
70. Levittown: In 1947, a planned suburb community known as Levittown was built in the state of New York by the building company “Levitt & Sons” that was the first planned suburban community in the United States, thus beginning the popular trend of people living in suburbs and commuting into nearby cities for work.
71. McCarthyism: McCarthyism is a term, coined to criticize the actions of Joseph McCarthy, used to describe the intense anti-communist suspicion during the 1940s to the 1950s which demonstrated the fear of communism in the U.S.
72. Marshall Plan: Secretary of State George Marshall created a European Recovery Program in 1947 which greatly contributed to the economic recovery of Europe and kept communism from reaching to Europe .
73. Hiroshima: On August 7, 1947, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima , a city in Japan , that will lead to the end of the Pacific Wars and U.S. 's leading role in building up the postwar world.
74. Yalta Conference: The Yalta conference was the last conference between the Big Three (FDR, Churchill, and Stalin) on February 1945 at the Crimean resort on the Black Sea that will soon give rise to the Cold War.
75. Berlin Blockade Airlift: Beginning on June 12, 1948, the Allies Power conducted an airlift to carry needed supplies to West Berlin in Germany which demonstrated both the dedication to the cause of democracy and the industrial might of the West and its air forces' capabilities.
76. Cold War: In the mid 1940s until the early 1990s, there was a war between the Soviet Union and U.S. that spread from outside Europe to every region of the world in which it will bring lots of reforms changes worldwide.
77. Suez Canal Crisis: In 1956, a conflict broke out when Egypt announced to nationalize Suez Canal, angering Britain and France, which almost developed into another world war; however, US’s refusal to get involved led to a peaceful negotiation with the aid of UN.
78. NDEA (National Defense Education Act): In 1958, Congress passed an act in the U.S. to aid the nation in establishing dominance in science and technology for the next half century which will led to U.S.’s victory in the space race.
79. SCLC (South Christian Leadership Consul): Established in January 10, 1957, Martin Luther King was the first president to the organization that played a large role for the civil rights movement in the U.S.
80. Martin Luther King: Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was one of the pivotal leaders of the American civil rights movement; King was a Baptist minister, one of the few leadership roles available to black men at the time; he became a civil rights activist early in his career; his efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have A Dream Speech”; here he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S.
81. Brinkmanship: An act of pushing a situation to a verge of disaster to achieve the most advantageous outcome, brinkmanship was employed by the U.S. in foreign policy during President Eisenhower’s term and also during the Cold War period; the handling of Suez Canal Crisis and Cuban Missile Crisis has been often described as brinkmanship.
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82. John F. Kennedy/New Frontier: In 1960, John F. Kennedy made an exceptional speech relating to a “New Frontier’ in Los Angeles and the New Frontier called for a boost the economy, to provide international aid, national defense, and to boost the space programs.
83. Flexible Response: Flexible response was a defense strategy implemented by JFK in 1961 to address the Kennedy administration’s skepticism of Eisenhower’s policy of Massive Retaliation in the U.S.
84. Bay of Pigs: The Bay of Pigs is an inlet of the Gulf of Canzone on the south east coast of Cuba where an unsuccessful 1961 United States CIA- backed invasion occurred in a failed attempt to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro.
85. Cuban Missile Crisis: The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States of America, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War when an American U-2 spy plane revealed missile bases being built in Cuba though JFK did not consider Cuba a threat, the crisis escalated and spurred the creation of the Moscow-Washington hotline, a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington D.C. to prevent any future events such as this.
86. Freedom Riders: In 1961, civil right activists called Freedom Riders rode interstate buses in the southern United States in an attempt to end the segregation of interstate bus passengers.
87. “Bombingham”: In the 1960’s “Bombingham” or the city of Birmingham, Alabama, gained national attention as a center of the Civil Rights movement where leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. tried to end segregation; this was met with violence (such as bombs thrown into crowds) against Dr. Martin Luther King and his peaceful protestors, thus gaining the town the nickname of “Bombingham”, but eventually efforts to end segregation paid off and the situation in Birmingham helped lead to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
88. Camp David Accord: In 1978, in the United States , President Carter negotiated a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt called the Camp David Accords which was a significant step towards peace in the Middle East , earning President Carter a Nobel Peace Prize.
89. Three Mile Island: Three Mile Island, a civilian nuclear power plant built by the Metropolitan Edison Company in the early 1970s, was located on an island in the Susquehanna River near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and became most well known for being the site of the worst civilian nuclear accident in US history when the plant suffered a partial meltdown.
90. Iranian Revolution: In 1978, an Islamic revolution broke out in Iran , leading to a seizure of the American Embassy in Tehran where American hostages were taken, an insuring crisis followed with many failed rescue attempts by President Carter, comprising his credibility and competence.
91. Ronald Reagan: Ronald Reagan was President of the United States from 1981-1989; he is considered to have had one of the best foreign policies in US history and his economic policy was dubbed "Reaganomics" but his more importantly, he restored United States pride to the country.
92. Reagonomics: "Reaganomics" (or supply-side economics) is the United States economic policy that President Ronald Reagan used during his Presidency from 1981-1989; it centered on reducing taxes, upping funding for national defense, and controlling the money supply and thus, it was able to successfully reduce inflation and get the US economy back on track.
93. Iranian-Contra Scandal: The Iranian-Contra affair was a political scandal which took place in the Middle East during the second term of Ronald Regan which was organized by Col. Oliver North; Regan had no knowledge or dealing with the scandal, yet he took full responsibility of this scandal on national television which will improve his popularity with the American public.
94. Sandra O’Connor: – Sandra O'Connor served from 1981 to 2006 as the first female Supreme Court Justice in the U.S.
95. Tianamen Square: Tianamen Square in China was the place where a massacre took place in 1989 in which peaceful prodemocracy demonstrators were brutally murdered by the Chinese government, and it led to bitter feelings between China and US.
96. Operation Desert Storm: In 1990, the US led a coalition to Kuwait and it was a 100 hour ground war that helped Bush's popularity rise.
97. Republican Revolution: In the 1994, the Republican Party of the US took control the house and senate, which the Republicans finally becomes a majority from a 40 year minority.
98. Clinton Impeachment: Former President of the United States Bill Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives on December 19, 1998, but acquitted by the Senate on February 12, 1999, for the charges, perjury and obstruction of justice, which arose from the Monica Lewinsky scandal and Paula Jones sexual harassment law suit that brought his acclaim down severely and also helped Bush with his election due to his moral character.
99. George W. Bush: George Walker Bush is the forty-third and President of the United States of America from January 20, 2001 and January 20, 2009; he previously served as the forty-sixth Governor of Texas and is known for his fluctuating popularity among American citizens as President, mostly due to terrorist and domestic issues.
100. 9/11: On the morning of September 11th, 2001, four jet planes were hijacked by suicide bombers connected to Al-Qaeda and crashed into the World Trade Center in New York City ; there was another similar attack on the Pentagon and both acts of terrorism unified the American people to combat against such digressions.
[Credits to Allison Xu and Sehe Han]
