Who did What When Where 'cause Why?! part 1
THE WEEKLY IDS (1stSemester)
1. Roanoke Island: In 1586, English settlers attempted their first settlement in North Carolina but failed.
2. Treaty of Tordesillas: In 1494, the Pope created a treaty to divide the New World between Portugal and Spain thus preventing war between the two powerful catholic nations.
3. Spanish Armada: The Spanish Armada was the large navy assembled by King Phillip to invade England in 1588 but was destroyed by the "Protestant wind,” opening the way for English colonization of the New World .
4. Jamestown: In 1607, Jamestown was the first successful English colony in America , by John Smith, in Virginia . (Tobacco was very important.)
5. New England Confederation: In the 1670s, the NE colonies formed an alliance against Indian chief, King Phillip, in New England, and this was the first step/sign of colonial unity.
6. Bacon's Rebellion: In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon and the indentured Servants formed a rebellion against Jamestown in Jamestown , which ended I.S. and began African Slavery.
7. King Phillip's War: In 1676, Metacom and his Indians fought a war with the colonists in Massachusetts which led to the establishment of New England Confederation, the 1st sign of colonial unity and the last attempt/ends the Native Americans resistance.
8. 1st Great Awakening: In the 1740s, there was a tremendous religious revival in the Middle Colonies and New England of African American slaves which converted many Africans from African Religions to Christianity.
9. Slave Codes: In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, slave codes were passed mainly by the southern colonies to defend the status of slaves and codify the denial of basic civil rights. (gets more strict as time passes)
10.Great Migration: In 1629, the Puritans made a mass migration to the Massachusetts Bay Colony (from New England) and were the beginning of Puritan theocracy in America .
11.James Oglethorpe: In the 1730s, James Oglethorpe founded Georgia as a military buffer zone.
12.Mercantilism: was Britain’s economic policy towards the colonies during the 1700s which restricted the colonies’ full economic potential and only increased Britain’s economy.
13.Navigation Acts: Between 1651 and 1696, Parliament passed a series of Navigation Acts, creating the legal and institutional structure of Britain's colonial system and made foreign trades illegal.
14.Halfway Covenant: In 1662, the Puritans signed the Halfway covenant, which allowed members' children who had not experienced conversion join as "half-member" in New England to deal with the decrease in membership but remained ineffective.
15.French and Indian War: In 1754, the French and Spanish and their Indians fought a war against the English and American colonials for the obtainment of North America in North America .
16.Battle of Quebec: In September, 1759, the Battle of Quebec between the French and English during the French and Indian War; it was the turning point for the English favor of the war in Canada.
17.Proclamation of 1763: The edict, in 1763, was issued by the English government in London forbidding colonial settlement west of the crest of the Appalachians which started the migration of thousands of Americans west and began the idea of Manifest Destiny.
18.Pontiac's Rebellion: In 1763-1766, an Indian chieftain, Pontiac, led a rebellion against the English to drive them out from the Great Lakes and it convinces the English government to issue the Proclamation of 1763 which ends salutary neglect in North America .
19.Salutary Neglect: During the 18th century, and the Glorious Revolution, Robert Walpole proposed a policy in New England for the New World which allowed the American colonists to govern themselves for a short period of time.
20.Stamp Act Congress: In 1765, England Parliament passed a series of laws taxing documents in America to raise tax revenue which also led to the American Revolution.
21.Townshend Acts: In 1767, England Parliament passed a series of acts, called the Townshend Acts in America , to close the budget gap and end national debt from the Seven Years War.
22.Boston Massacre: The Boston Massacre was an incident involving the deaths of five American civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770, in Boston the legal aftermath that helped spark the American Revolutionary War.
23.Boston Tea Party: The Boston Tea Party was an act of protest by the American colonists against Great Britain in which they destroyed many crates of tea bricks on ships in Boston Harbor , on December 16, 1773 . (Also help sparked the American Rev.)
24.Intolerable Acts: A series of laws passed by the British Parliament for the 13 colonies which sparked outrage and resistance in the colonies and were important developments in the growth of the American Revolution, in the year of December 1773..
25.Battle of Saratoga: A decisive battle led by the British General Burgoyne with German troops against the Americans in October 19, 1777 that ended with the British's surrender and forced European nations to recognize America's chances to victory; thus, France became an ally to the colonies.
26.Treaty of Paris 1783: A document written in Paris that formally ended the American Revolutionary War that was ratify by the Continental Congress and the British Parliament in September 3, 1783 that recognizes the 13 colonies as a free and sovereign states.
27.Battle of Yorktown: In the fall of 1781, a battle occurred between British troops and the French and Americans at Yorktown, Virginia , which was the last battle fought between the American Revolution.
28.Battle of Lexington and Concord: In April 1775, a battle occurred between American rebels and British troops at Lexington and Concord which was the first battle of the American's Revolution.
29.Association: In 1774, during the first continental Congress, out of 13 colonies issued the document, the Association, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania which called for a complete "boycott" of all British goods.
30.Battle of Trenton : The battle of Trenton was a conflict that took place on Christmas Day, 1776 in New Jersey in which Washington led his troops across the Delaware River and defeated the Hessians; this victory encouraged Americans to reenlist; saving the army.
31.First Continental Congress: In 1774, the meeting assembled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where 12 out of 13 colonies were present and they issued the Association and the Declaration of Rights.
32.Second Continental Congress: In 1775, the meeting of all 13 colonies in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where they appointed a committee to draft an “Explanation of Independence" and appointed George Washington as commander in Chief of Army.
33.Common Sense: In January 1776, Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet entitled Common Sense that is distributed throughout the colonies of Independence and encouraged citizens of the colonies to be for the revolution.
34.Declaration of Independence: In 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the document in Philadelphia which formally united the colonies in the idea of independence that contains the reasons for the colonies actions and why they should be free.
35.Articles of Confederation: The Articles of Confederation was a document proposed by Richard Henry Lee in June 7, 1776 in America and was due first constitution in the United States .
36.Shay's Rebellion: In 1786-1787 Daniel Shays led a group of farmers in a rebellion at Massachusetts to stop the courts from seizing a farmer's land and enacting debt collection which failed but showed how weak the Articles of Confederation was and urge political leaders to change their government.
37.Whiskey Rebellion: At Mingo Creek, western Pennsylvania of 1794, a rebellion against taxes placed by Congress on distillation of whiskey which broke out among poor, dirt farmers which was put down by George Washington and displayed the first use of martial law under the United States Constitution to control the citizens.
38.Constitution Convention: To amend the Articles of Confederation, in 1787 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , Alex Hamilton organized the Annapolis Conference later known as the Constitutional Convention in order to "amend the Articles".
39.Great Compromise: The Great Compromise devised by Franklin and Sherman was a combination of the Virginia and New Jersey 's plans thought up in 1787 at the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Constitution convention and kept the meeting from falling apart.
40.GW's Farwell Address: After his last term of being president, George Washington published a farewell address in 1796 to US warning them to avoid foreign affairs.
41.Federalist Papers: In 1700s, James Madison, John Jay and Alex Hamilton created newspaper articles, which came to known as the Federalist papers, to persuade citizens in the United States to support the constitution.
42.Neutrality Proclamation: In 1700s, in the United States , the Congress declares neutrality in the war between Britain and France which permitted the United States to trade with both sides.
43.X, Y, Z Affairs: There was a diplomatic incident in 1789 which took place in America and was a demand of the French diplomats that outraged Americans and fueled support for the Quasi-War.
44.Alien and Sedition Acts: In 1798, Congress passed a series of four acts that stifled freedom of speech and the liberty of foreign residents in the U.S. , which was written in the U.S.
45.Convention of 1800: The Convention of 1800 was an agreement in 1800 enacted by John Adams, in the U.S., considered to be the greatest accomplishment of his presidency that ended the Quasi-war between the U.S. and France.
46.Revolution of 1800: The presidential election in 1800, also referred to as the Revolution of 1800, between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, in the U.S. , led to Thomas Jefferson being elected President and gave power to the Anti-Federalists.
47.Kentucky/ Virginia Resolutions: In 1789, Jefferson and Madison anonymously wrote a document concerning Virginia and Kentucky and it was called for a nullification of the Federal Laws which later develops into ideas of succession leading to the Civil War.
48.Louisiana Purchase: In 1803, Napoleon offered the Louisiana Territory for a purchase of 15 million dollars to the U.S. to fund his battles in Europe; the Americans readily accepted which doubled the size of the United States and was the largest political acquisition of territory in U.S. history.
49.Impressments: In 1798, during the Quasi-War, American and French sailors abducted members of each other’s opposing sides on trade routes which illustrated the base acts one country would inflict on the other.
50.Embargo Act of 1807: In an attempt to force Britain and France to recognize neutral rights of the U.S. , Thomas Jefferson imposed a law aimed toward American shippers and vessels on December 22, 1807 in the U.S.; however, it failed and destroyed the American economy.
51.Hartford Convention: The Federalist Party or delegates from the New England states on December 15, 1814 at Hartford, Connecticut to hold a convention but this is what ended the political force from this point on.
52.Battle of New Orleans: In January 1815, a battle occurred between Americans and British in New Orleans and it ended with American victory which ended any British hope of gaining control of the lower Mississippi River Valley .
53.Rush-Bagot Treaty: In 1817, a treaty was signed between America and Britain concerning the Great Lakes and it effectively demilitarized the Great Lakes by sharply limiting the number of ships each power could station on them.
54.Monroe Doctrine: In 1823, president Monroe made a declaration concerning the western Hemisphere and it stated that the western Hemisphere was to be closed off to further European colonization and that the U.S. wouldn't interfere in the internal affairs of European Nations.
55.Missouri Compromise: In 1820, a compromise was made concerning Missouri by congress and it stipulated that Missouri would enter the union as a slave state balanced by Maine , a free state but slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana Territory north of 36.30 degrees.
56.John Marshall: John Marshall was a chief justice who was one of Adams ' "Midnight Justices" and ruled for 34 years in the Supreme Court and he helped giving Supreme Court the power.
57.John Quincy Adams: John Quincy Adams, the former secretary of state of James Monroe, ran in the Presidential Election of 1842 in the U.S. where he was suspected to be involved in a corrupt bargain upon his victory and was vilified throughout his term by Jackson supporters.
58.Black Tariff: In 1842, President John Tyler passed the Tariff of 1842, commonly known as Black Tariff, in the U.S. which enraged many southerners and led to strong ideas of succession.
59.John C. Calhoun: The vice president and former war hawk, John C. Calhoun, reacted violently into the Tariff of 1828 in the U.S. and though at first a nationalist, became a "fire-spitting" secessionist, expertly combining session and nullification into the document, giving states a method of checking the power of the Federal government.
60.Nullification Crisis: In the early 1830s, a sectional crisis occurred in the U.S. in which a states' right party in South Carolina attempted to nullify federal law and it was the most serious threat to national unity U.S. had ever experience.
61.Peggy Eaton Affair: During Jackson Administration(1829-1837) in the U.S. there was an affair that occurred involving Peggy Eaton which led to Jackson defense for her; thus, this helps Jackson change the Washington politics as he desired and ended the important yet quiet role of women.
62.Corrupt Bargain: During the Election of 1824 in the U.S. the speaker of the House of Representatives, Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams apparently made a deal with each other which led to Adams presidency and Clay role in secretary of state which blackened Adams presidency from the beginning.
63.Webster-Haynes Debates: In 1830, a series of debates over secession and nullification took place in the U.S. senate between Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Robert Haynes of South Carolina which set the stage for the Civil War showdown.
64.Indian Removal Act of 1830: A law passed by Andrew Jackson in May 1830, the Indian Removal Act was part of a US government policy (called the "Indian Removal") that led to the "Trail of Tears" and forcibly removing Indians to Indian Territory or Oklahoma .
65.Second Bank of the US : Out of desperation to stabilize the currency, the Second bank of the U.S. was a bank created in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania during James Madison presidency that was designed by William Strickland.
66.Texas Revolution: The Texas Revolution was fought from 1835-1836 in Northern Mexico when the dictator Santa Anna relinquished "Texican" rights, causing Austin and Houston to begin the revolution; the victory at the Battle of San Jacinto by the Texicans gave them their independence.
67.Martin Van Buren: Martin Van Buren was the president after Andrew Jackson in 1837-1841 from New York who was a machine-made candidate that had the intention to follow his predecessor and took the blame for the economic hardship of the time thus ruining his run for the next presidential term.
68.Panic of 1837: In 1837, an economic recession occurred in U.S. , caused mainly by A. Jackson but mostly blamed on Van Buren, and it was the 2nd worst economic recession experienced by U.S. and it also ruined VB's chance of getting reelected in 1840.
69.Whig Party:
70.Samuel Slater: - In 1790, in New England , Samuel Slater, began operation on a cotton mill that became very successful and incorporated a workforce of women and children.
71.Commonwealth vs. Hunt (1842): The Commonwealth v. Hunt case in 1842 was issued by the Mass. Supreme Court in the US and it established that unions were not necessarily criminal or conspiring organizations, as long as they did not create any violence or attempt any illegal activities.
72.Nativist: During the 19th century in the U.S. , many nativist, Americans that favors the interests and culture of the native-born inhabitants over those of immigrants, viewed the new immigrants as threats to their community; thus, it will lead to restriction laws on immigration and naturalization and the creation of the Know-Nothing Party and the Republican Party.
73.2nd Great Awakening: The 2nd Great Awakening was a large religious revival, headed by leaders such as Charles Finney and Lyman Beecher, that took place between 1830-1840s in the US and split churches over issues such as slavery which foreshadowed the Civil War.
74.Seneca Falls Convention: Women suffragettes such as Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony held the first women's right convention on July 19-20, 1848 in Seneca Falls, NY that would lay the foundation for women's right and accelerate the feminist movement in US History.
75.Dorothea Dix: A supporter of the women's rights movement in the 1800s, she was the leader of the asylum movement in U.S. which led to the humane treatment of the insane.
76.Mormons: In 1830, Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, a new and different religious group that drew much resentment from many, forcing the Mormons to uproot communities several times, eventually settling in Salt Lake City, Utah , where the controversial act of polygamy denied Utah statehood for decades.
77.Manifest Destiny: President Polk swept the nation in 1845-1855 with the phrase, Manifest Destiny, which expressed the notion that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific Ocean and was used as a justification for expansion and westward movement.
78.Mexican American War: Between 1846 and 1848, a war was fought by United States and Mexico against each other in North America , which resulted in United State ’s victory giving U.S. the control over Mexico 's northern provinces of California and New Mexico .
79.The Wilmot Proviso: During the 1846 in the US , David Wilmot proposed no slavery in the Mexican Cession Territories which was passed twice in the House but never in the Senate that set the stage for political debate in the Pre-civil war period.
80.James K. Polk: James K. Polk was the "Dark Horse" Democratic candidate who became our eleventh president in 1845 to 1849 in the U.S.; furthermore, being a big believer in Manifest Destiny, he helped us acquired California and settled the Oregon boundary dispute with the Oregon Treaty.
81.Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Negotiated by Nicholis Trist, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the peace treaty signed in the US that ended the Mexican American War in 1848 and provided for the Mexican cession; in which Mexico cede 1.36 million km to the U.S. in exchange for $15 million.
82.Nat Turner Rebellion: The uprising in 1831 in Virginia was led by Nat Turner and was the bloodiest rebellion of all the slave insurrections; Turner's rebellion would halt the emancipation talks in the South for a while.
83.William Llyod Garrison: In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison, a radical abolitionist, published The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper, in the U.S. , which further agitated tensions between the North and the South.
84.American Anti-Slavery Society: During 1833-1870, the American Anti-Slavery Society was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan in the US which heightened the anxiety of the slavery issue and brought a radical view of how slavery could be extinguished.
85.Broad Cloth Mob: In 1831, in the US , abolitionists such as Garrison and Douglass were beaten and terrorized by the Broad Cloth Mob, who was people who disliked the anti-slavery attitude, and revealed that both the North and the South disliked the abolitionist movement.
86.Free-Soil Party: Free-Soil Party - During the Election of 1850, in the US, a third party called the free-soil party who supported the Wilmot Proviso nominated V. Buren which influenced the result of the presidency.
87.Fredrick Douglas: Frederick Douglass - Born in Maryland of 1818-1895, Frederick Douglass was one of the major African American abolitionists of his time that fought to end slavery with Lincoln and equality for his people later on.
88.Sojourner Truth: Born into slavery in New York of 1797- 1883, Sojourner Truth was a female African American abolitionist and a women's rights activist that was famous for her speech, Ain't I A Woman? ‘
89.Compromise of 1850: In 1850, a compromise was forged from the combined efforts of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, in the U.S. that admitted California to enter the Union as a free state and enforced stricter fugitive slave laws which continued further harmony of the Union .
90.Kansas and Nebraska Act: In 1854, a law regarding the status of slavery in new territories, proposed by Stephen A. Douglas, was passed which gave the individual states the choice to either legalize or outlaw slavery in its territory, introducing the idea of popular sovereignty.
91.Bleeding Kansas : Bleeding Kansas was a sequence of violent events involving Free-soldiers (anti-slavery) and "Border Ruffians"(pro-slavery) that took place in Kansas Territory and the Western frontier towns in the US between 1854-1858 which directly presaged the Civil War.
92.South Carolina Secession Convention: In December 1860, S.C. called the South's 1st secession convention in which its attendants (governors, southerners) unanimously voted for secession, leading to the secession of SC and other deep South states and the formation of Confederate States of America .
93.Harper’s Ferry/John Brown: John Brown, the extreme abolitionist who had previously slaughtered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas , led another raid in 1859 at Harper's Ferry, VA(with the help of the northern abolitionists) in an attempt to seize the federal armory but was captured by Robert E. Lee and hung for treason, becoming the abolitionist's martyr the South feared.
94.Dred Scott vs. Sanford : Dred Scott v. Sanford was a lawsuit decided by the US Supreme Ct. in 1857 in the US where Chief Justice Taney ruled that slaves could never be citizens and that slaves are seen as property, thus giving the south more support over the slavery issue.
95.Lincoln-Douglas Debates: There was a round of Senatorial debates including Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858 that took place in Illinois discussing various topics such as the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty, etc. and set the political agenda for years; Douglas won the Senate seat, while Lincoln won the presidency.
96.Election of 1860: In 1860, four candidates ran in the Election of 1860 in the U.S. with the Democrats split into northern and southern Whigs—Lincolns victory would inevitably add on to the secession of the southern states, who felt that they were the political minority.
97.CSS Alabama : One of the commerce raiders that was provided for the Confederates by England during the Civil War, CSS Alabama along with other raiders played an active role in the sea, helping the South successfully bypass the North's blockade and causing great harm to the North's naval forces.
98.Crittenden Compromise: In 1860, in the U.S. , a compromise forged by Senator Crittenden of Kentucky, was proposed in a last minute attempt to save the Union; unfortunately, it was rejected by both the CSA and Lincoln and failed to continue the tradition of American compromises which led to the inevitable Civil war.
99.Fort Sumter: On 1861, the first union shot was fired at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina by the Confederate army, officially starting the Civil War.
100. CSS Alabama : One of the commerce raiders that was provided for the Confederates by England during the Civil War, CSS Alabama along with other raiders played an active role in the sea, helping the South successfully bypass the North's blockade and causing great harm to the North's naval forces.
101. Anaconda Plan: In 1860's of the US the anaconda plan was a strategic plan developed by General Scott for the victory of the Union .
102. Robert E. Lee: He was a general of the Confederate Army from VA during the Civil War (1861-1865) who led the Confederate Army to numerous victories in battles despite the great odds they were against.
103. The Battle of Antietam: The Battle of Antietam, also the single bloodiest day of fighting in US History, occurred on September 17th, 1862 at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland (MD) and was divided into three different battles between General Robert E. Lee and McClellan at Cornfield, Bloody Lane, and Burnside's Bridge, ending in a draw with Lee retreating the next day; the CSA failed to receive foreign recognition and Lincoln would use the "victory" to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
104. Atlanta Campaign: In the summer of 1864, Sherman and his troops fought a series of battles near Atlanta, Georgia and won, thus helped reelect Lincoln and also hastened the end of the Civil War.
105. William T. Sherman: In 1864, William Tecumseh Sherman, a Union general, captured Atlanta utilizing a new form of warfare that aimed to inflict maximum damage to the South, hoping it would choose to surrender than face total destruction.
106. The Appomattox Courthouse: On April 9, 1865 in Appomattox, VA , Lee surrendered to Grant at a historical village that effectively ended the Civil War.
107. Election of 1876/Comp. of 1877 In the late 1800s, Hayes won the election and a compromise was installed in the White House to please Timble and ended reconstruction in the South causing democrats to take control of the Southern Governments while pushing African-Americans out of office.
108. Redeemers: During the era of Reconstruction, the southern wing of Bourbon Democrats formed a political coalition in southern U.S which sought to oust the Radical Republicans and because of these measures; they would have a firm control of the electoral hold for another century.
109. Freedman’s Bureau: In 1865(after the Civil War), an organization was designed to assist the newly freed blacks in the South that was the 1st welfare system in U.S. history.
110. Wade Davis Bill: In 1865, the Radical Republicans in the North put into place a bill requiring 50% loyalty by the South and gave North an excuse to punish the South.
111. Tenure of Office Act: During Reconstruction, the Radical Republicans passed an illegal act that required Andrew Johnson to keep all of Lincoln’s cabinet members in the U.S. thus causing his impeachment.
112. 13th/14th/15th/ Amendments: During Reconstruction, the 13th, 14th, 15th amendments were passed by Andrew Johnson in the U.S. that freed slaves, made former slaves and blacks citizens and gave voting rights to all male citizens.
113. Scalawags/Carpetbaggers: During Reconstruction, Northern gold-diggers working to make a quick profit went to the South where they were hated; thus, leading to rise of redeemers Southern Governments and more discontent toward the U.S.
116. Election of 1876/Compromise of 1877: The election of 1876 was disrupted in several states, so the Democrats argued to the compromise of 1877 in which the Republican candidate, Hayes, won the presidency while federal troops were taken out of the South.
[Credits to Allison Xu and Sehe Han]
