23. The Second World War

I.    Organizing for war – Total War – Government controls everything, citizens willing to help
    A.    Mobilizing production – massive military orders pulled US out of Depression
        1.    War Production Board – government takes over manufacturing
            a)    Stops production of nonessentials – cars
            b)    Wartime rationing after supply of rubber cut off by Japan’s invasion of Malaya
    B.    Full employment led to inflation
            a)    Office of Price Administration – regulated prices
    C.    Labor unions increase in size
        1.    Women – Rosie the Riveter, African-Americans enter workforce in masse
        2.    Some strikes led to Government taking over industry – Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Law
    D.    Propaganda – buy war bonds, support rationing, work harder
        1.    Posters, movies, demonize/dehumanizes Japanese
    E.    Roosevelt works with businesses – in capitalism “you have to let business make money”
    F.    Internment of Japanese Americans – Executive Order 9066
        1.    Moved for protection, but mostly fear of spying or aiding invasion
        2.    Constitutionality upheld by Korematsu vs. U.S. case – acceptable during wartime
        3.    1988 - $20,000 to each camp survivor
II.    The war in Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean; D Day
    A.    Strategy – take Africa > go through Italy to set up Southern Front – Russia holds Eastern Front > Create Massive Western Front > D-Day                        Normandy “Beginning of the End”
III.    The war in the Pacific: Hiroshima, Nagasaki
    A.    Priority take out Germany first
    B.    Island hopping – take island at a time to provide landing bases – get closer to prepare for invasion
        1.    Firebombing Tokyo and other cities
    C.    Manhattan Project – secret plan to create Nuclear Bomb
        1.    Hiroshima/Nagasaki Fat Man/Little Boy bombed
            a)    Save Japanese civilians/American soldiers lives if invasion
            b)    Warning to Russia – starts arms race
IV.    Diplomacy
    A.    War aims – work with Russia – Russia holds off Germany until America/Britain can hold front – hesitant friends – realize communism will be                    problem after war
    B.    Wartime conferences: Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam – Big Three – Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill
        1.    Casablanca Conference. – invade Italy/unconditional surrender;
        2.    Teheran – set up U.N.
        3.    Yalta – divide Germany into four sections
        4.    Potsdam – hot to govern Germany, attack Japan next
V.    Postwar atmosphere; the United Nations
    A.    America feels like king of the world, homeland relatively unhurt
    B.    Russia takes over Germany’s Eastern holdings, promises to let them have free elections, but…
        1.    Threat of WWIII with Russia almost immediate
    C.    Hiroshima and Nagasaki – first shots of Cold War – attempt to frighten Soviets unnecessary
    D.    Racial/gender inequality returns
    E.    Economy falters at first – potentially huge unrest – would US return to Depression
        1.    What to do about returning men – industries drop output at first
        2.    Massive inflation
        3.    Organized labor has more power
        4.    War industry buildings sold cheaply to private industries