29. Civil Rights Movement (1955-1960)

I)    Events
    a)    Murder of Emmett Till-boy from Chicago
        i)    Whistle @ white women…murdered by women’s husband and brother
            (1)    Emmett=martyr
        ii)    Open-casket funeral…huge media coverage
        iii)    Mrs. Till & Mose Wright (uncle) spoke against whites
        iv)    Murders convicted not guilty…all white jury
    b)    Montgomery Bus Boycott (Dec.1, 1955)
        i)    Non-violent
        ii)    Rosa Parks-white section >SC integrating buses
    c)    Little Rock, Arkansas
        i)    Desegregation of schools-state vs. federal
            (1)    Nt’l Guard vs. U.S. Army
        ii)    “Little Rock 9”-good AA students
            (1)    Escorted by “101st Hall Monitors”(U.S. Air Force)
        iii)    1st integrated school
    d)    Sit-ins-Greensboro, NC…Nashville, TN…big media… Purpose-be arrested
        i)    Jim Lawson non-violent workshop…rules on sitting, clothes etc
        ii)    Both black and whites worked together
    e)    Freedom Rides…integrate buses on state line
        i)    Washington D.C. >deep south
        ii)    SNCC-main org.
        iii)    JFK sends federal troops
    f)    March on Washington…250,000-300,000 b&w together
        i)    “I have a dream”
        ii)    No riots – fed gov’t expected chaos
   g)    Birmingham-“Bombingham”…AL
        i)    Media=big…spraying water
        ii)    Church bombing…4 kids killed
    h)    Mississippi Burning…shows S problems
        i)    Get AA to vote (3 guys…two white, one black, one Jew)…KKK kills them
        ii)    Kennedy passes-Voting Rights Act of 1965
            (1)    Verify 15th Amendment
    i)    Black Power Movement…Malcolm X founded ideology…ghetto-ised
        i)    Black panthers…stop being “victims”
        ii)    Olympics-black fists
II)    People
    a)    Martin Luther King-minister from church…non-violent civil rights activist…killed 1968
    b)    JFK-35 pres…not elected as civil rights activist…brother Robert Attorney G. more active                than JFK killed in 1963 (end of CRM)
    c)    Malcolm X-fighting back…Islam…black supremacy…big media…killed by Islams (blacks)

III)   Phases – NAACP lawsuits, legislative branch won’t budge – senate filibuster
    a)    Go to courts – Brown v. Board, but not enforceable
    b)    Executive branch finally steps in Ike>Little Rock, Kennedy>Freedom Rides,                            Johnson>Civil Rights Act
        i. Before governors and states had ruled, finally federal gov’t stops allowing South to have            separate rules
IV)    Cooperation – Early part, blacks and whites worked together in SNCC, CORE
    a) Conflicts between conservative SCLC and NAACP, the big moneymakers and SNCC & CORE         the actual activists
    b) By late 1960s, Black Power mvmt emerges wanting nothing to do with white help