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Chapter 07 - States Of Consciousness, Psychology, by David G. Myers, 6th Edition Textbook

STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

We spend about 8 hours/day, 56 hours/week, 224 hours/month and 2,688 hours/year doing it...that's right...SLEEPING. One third of our lives we are apparently doing nothing. But is sleep really doing nothing? It looks like it...a person's eyes are closed; muscles are relaxed; breathing is regular; there is no response to sound or light. However, if you take a look at what is happening inside the brain, you will find quite a different situation - the brain is very active.

Scientists can record brain activity by attaching electrodes to the scalp and then connecting these electrodes to a machine called an electroencephalograph. The encephalogram (or EEG) is the record of brain activity recorded with this machine. The wavy lines of the EEG are what most people know as "brain waves".

Consciousness is our level of awareness about ourselves and our environment.

Conscious level    The information about yourself and your environment of which you are currently aware
Nonconscious level    Body processes controlled by your mind that we are not usually aware of
Preconscious level    Information about yourself or your environment that you are not currently thinking about, but you could be.
Subconscious level    Information that we are not consciously aware of but we know must exist due to behavior.
Unconscious level    Psychoanalytic psychologists believe some events and feelings are unacceptable to our conscious mind and are repressed into the unconscious mind.  Many psychologists object to this concept as difficult or impossible to prove.
Mere-exposure effect - prefer stimuli we have seen before over novel stimuli
Priming - respond more quickly and/or accurately to questions they have seen before
Blind sight - person being blind being able to grasp an object they cannot see

SLEEP CYCLE

Great information found at: http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/sleep.html
Circadian rhythm--
Sleep stages--
REM=rapid eye movement

SLEEP DISORDERS

• Insomnia- problems of getting to or staying asleep, effects up to 10% of the population
• Narcolepsy- extreme sleepiness - sleep attacks Go to http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/narco.html
• Sleep apnea- stop breathing during sleep
• Night terrors- usually occur in children are dreams outside of REM, during stage 4 sleep
• Somnambulism- sleep walking

DREAM THEORIES

Freudian Theory - believes that dreams reveal information in the unconscious mind
Manifest content- literal content
Latent content - deeper meaning
Activation-synthesis Theory - dreams are nothing more than the brains interpretation of what is happening physiologically during REM sleep
Information-processing Theory - dreams may be a way to integrate the information processed during the day into our memories

HYPNOSIS

Posthypnotic amnesia - forget events that occurred during hypnosis
Posthypnotic suggestibility -
Role Theory
- says hypnosis is not an alternate state of consciousness, points out that some people are more easily hypnotized than others.
State Theory - hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness
Dissociation Theory - Hilgard studied, it causes to divide our consciousness voluntarily - the experiment that demonstrated the hidden observer effect

DRUGS For information on specific drugs go to: http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/introb.heml#drug
Blood-brain barrier          
Tolerance               
Withdrawal
agonist
antagonist

STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS TERMS

Consciousness- the awareness or, or the possibility of knowing, what is happening inside or outside the organism
Subconscious – consciousness just below our present awareness
Unconscious – thoughts or desires about which we can have no direct knowledge
Chronobiology – the study of forces that control the body at different times of the day, month, or year
Construct – a concept requiring a belief in something that cannot be seen or touched but that seems to exist
Biological clocks – internal chemical units that control regular cycles in parts of the body
Free-running cycles – cycles set up by biological clocks that are under their own control, ignoring the environment
Entrainment – the process of altering the free-running cycle to fit a different rhythm
Circadian rhythm – sequences of behavioral changes that occur every 24 hours
Twilight state – relaxed state just before we fall asleep
REM sleep – rapid eye movement sleep when we dream
Beta waves - rapid brain waves; appear when a person is awake
Alpha waves – stage 1, fairly relaxed brain waves occurring just before going to sleep; relaxed
Delta waves – slow, lazy, deep-sleep brain waves.
NREM sleep – non-rapid eye movement sleep/ sleep involving partial thoughts, images,or stories, poor organization
Nightmare – frightening dream during REM
REM rebound – increase in the number of dreams after being deprived of them
Incubus attack – also called a night terror, a horrible dream occurring during NREM when the body is not prepared for it
Insomnia – the inability to get enough sleep
Narcolepsy - disorder in which a person falls instantly into sleep no matter what is going on in the environment
Sleep apnea – breathing stops while someone is asleep
Hypnosis – a state of relaxation in which attention is focused on certain objects, acts, or feelings.
Meditation – a form of self-control in which the outside world is cut off from consciousness
Altered state of consciousness – mental state that differs noticeably from normal waking consciousness
Psychoactive drugs – chemical substances that change moods and perceptions
Dreams – vivid visual and auditory experiences that occur primarily during REM periods of sleep
Substance abuse – a pattern of drug use that diminishes the user’s ability to fulfill responsibilities at home, work or school, that results in repeated use of a drug in dangerous situations, legal problems
Substance dependence – a pattern of compulsive drug taking that often results in
tolerance and or withdrawal
Tolerance – phenomenon whereby higher doses of a drug are required to produce its original effects or to prevent withdrawal symptoms
Withdrawal symptoms – unpleasant physical or psychological effects that follow the discontinuance of a dependence-producing substance.
Drugs – know the effects – opiates, stimulants, amphetamines, cocaine, depressants, hallucinogens, alcohol, LSD, barbiturates, marijuana

CONSCIOUSNESS QUIZ

1. Agonists are psychoactive drugs that
A. produce tolerance to the drug without the associated withdrawal symptoms
B. mimic and produce the same effect as certain neurotransmitters.
C. Mimic neurotransmitters and block their receptor sites.
D. Enhance the effects of certain opiates like heroin.
E. Make recovery from physical addiction more difficult.

2. In comparison with older people, babies
A. sleep more fitfully; they tend to wake up more often.
B. Sleep more deeply; they spend more time in stage 3 and 4 sleep
C. Spend more time in the REM stage than other sleep stages
D. Spend more time in stage 1, which causes them to awaken easily.
E. Sleep more than young adults but less than people over 50.

3. Which of the following is the best analogy for how psychologists view consciousness?
A. The on/off switch on a computer.
B. A circuit breaker that controls power to a house.
C. A fuse that allows electricity to pass through until a short circuit occurs.
D. A dimmer switch for a light fixture
E. The ignition switch on a car

4. During the normal night’s sleep, how many times do we pass through the different stages of sleep?
A. 2               
B. 2-3     
C. 4-7
D. 8-11
E. 11-15

5. Which of the following is evidence supporting the role theory of hypnosis?
A. Some people are more hypnotizable than others
B. People will not behave under hypnosis in ways they would not without hypnosis.
C. Hilgard’s experiment demonstrated the presence of a hidden observer.
D. Our heart and respiration rates may differ while under hypnosis
E. Some therapists successfully use hypnosis in therapy.

6. Activation-synthesis theory tries to explain
A. how consciousness emerges out of neural firings.
B. How psychoactive drugs create euphoric effects.
C. The origin and function of dreams.
D. How our mind awakens us after we pass through all the sleep stages.
E. How our consciousness synthesizes all the sensory information it receives.

7. Hilgard’s experiment that demonstrated the presence of a hidden observer is evidence for which theory?
A. role theory of hypnosis
B. levels theory of consciousness
C. recuperative theory of sleep
D. dissociation theory of hypnosis
E. state theory of hypnosis

8. Which of the following two sleep disorders occur most commonly?
A. insomnia and narcolepsy
B. apnea and narcolepsy
C. night terrors and apnea
D. somnambulism and insomnia
E. apnea and insomnia

9. Marijuana falls under what category of psychoactive drug?
A. Depressant            D.    stimulant
B. mood-elevator            E.    mood depressant
C. hallucinogen

10. Night terrors and somnambulism usually occur during which stage of sleep?
A. stage 1, close to wakefulness
B. REM sleep
C. REM sleep, but only later in the night when nightmares usually occur
D. Stage 4
E. Sleep onset

11. Which neurotransmitter is affected by opiates?
A. serotonin
B. endorphins
C. dopamine
D. GABA
E. Acetylcholine

12. In the context of this unit, the term tolerance refers to
A. treatment of psychoactive drug addicts by peers and other members of society.
B. The amount of sleep a person needs to function normally.
C. The need for an elevated dose of a drug in order to get the same effect.
D. The labeling of individuals automatically produced by the level of our consciousness.
E. The harmful side effects of psychoactive drugs.

13. The information processing theory says that dreams
A. are meaningless by-products of how our brains process information during REM sleep.
B. Are symbolic representations of the information we encode during the day.
C. Are processed by one level of consciousness but other levels remain unaware of the dreams.
D. Occur as the brain deals with daily stress and events during REM sleep.
E. Occur only after stressful events, explaining why some people never dream.

14. Which level of consciousness controls involuntary body processes?
A. preconscious level
B. subconscious level
C. unconscious level
D. autonomic level
E. nonconscious level

15. Professor Bohike shows a group of participants a set of geometric shapes for a short period of time.  Later, Professor Bohike shows the same group a larger set of shapes that includes the first set of geometric shapes randomly distributed among the other new images.  When asked which shapes they prefer, the participants choose shapes from the first group more often than the new images, even  though they cannot remember which images they had seen previously.  This experiment demonstrates which concept?
A. priming            
B. mere-exposure effect        
C. shaping
D. primary-attribution error
E. primacy

16. Mr. Spam is a 39-year-old male who has been brought into your neurology clinic by his wife.  She has become increasingly alarmed by her husband’s behavior over the last four months.  You recommend a CAT scan to look for tumors in the brain.  Which two parts of the brain would you predict are being affected by the tumors?
List of symptoms: vastly increased appetite, body temperature fluctuations, decreased sexual desire, jerky movements, poor balance when walking and standing, inability to throw objects, and exaggerated efforts to coordinate movements in a task
A. motor cortex and emotion cortex
B. motor cortex and hypothalamus
C. hypothalamus and cerebellum
D. cerebellum and medulla
E. thalamus and motor cortex

Subject: 
Subject X2: 

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